Actor Donald Sutherland poses for photographers as he arrives at the opening ceremony of the 11th Lumiere Festival, in Lyon, central France, Saturday, Oct. 12, 2019. THE CANADIAN PRESS/AP/Laurent Cipriani
Donald Sutherland, the New Brunswick-born acting legend with the distinct baritone voice and prolific stage and screen career that inspired sons Kiefer and Rossif to pursue the craft, has died.
He died at age 88, Kiefer Sutherland said in a social media post on Thursday.
"I personally think one of the most important actors in the history of film. Never daunted by a role, good, bad or ugly. He loved what he did and did what he loved, and one can never ask for more than that," the younger Sutherland wrote on X. "A life well lived."
At six-foot-four, with big blue eyes and a deep, dulcet voice, the elder Sutherland was a striking and unmistakable presence in film, television and radio for more than 50 years.
His varied film roles included snarky surgeon Hawkeye Pierce in "MASH," Julie Christie's troubled husband in the thriller "Don't Look Now," and a Washington intelligence officer in Oliver Stone's "JFK."
On TV, he played the Speaker of the House in "Commander in Chief" and the rich patriarch in "Dirty, Sexy, Money."
Though he was in more than 100 films, Sutherland was never nominated for an Academy Award. He did, however, receive an honorary Oscar in 2017, as well as two BAFTA nominations, an Emmy Award and two Golden Globes.
He was also an officer of the Order of Canada and won a Genie and a Governor General's Performing Arts Award.
Kiefer Sutherland holds the awards, right, along with his father Donald Sutherland at the Governor's Ball following the 58th Annual Primetime Emmy Awards Sunday, Aug. 27, 2006, at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Chris Carlson)
Donald Sutherland arrives for the premiere of "Fool's Gold" at the Grauman's Chinese theatre in the Hollywood section of Los Angeles, Calif., Wednesday, Jan. 30, 2008. (AP Photo/Chris Carlson)
Kiefer Sutherland, left, and his father actor Donald Sutherland embrace during dedication ceremonies for Kiefer Sutherland's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Los Angeles Tuesday, Dec. 9, 2008. (AP Photo/Reed Saxon)
Stompin' Tom Connors (left) and actor Donald Sutherland both of Saint John, N.B., share a laugh following the Governor General's Performing Arts Award ceremony at Rideau Hall in Ottawa, Friday, Nov. 3, 2000. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Jonathan Hayward
Neil Young waves as he poses with Donald Sutherland behind their stars in the sidewalk after being inducted into the ºÚÁϳԹÏÍø Walk of Fame in Toronto on Thursday March 30, 2000. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Frank Gunn
Architect Frank Gehry (left) speaks with Donald Sutherland (right) and his wife Francine Racette during an investiture ceremony at Rideau Hall in Ottawa Monday, June 16, 2003. Gehry received the Order of Canada. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Jonathan Hayward
Actress Lara Flynn Boyle, center, joined by actors Ralph Fiennes, left, and Donald Sutherland, arrives to the special screening of Land of the Blind at the Tribeca Film Festival, Monday, May 1, 2006 in New York. (AP Photo/Dima Gavrysh)
William Baldwin, left, and Donald Sutherland, cast members in the television show "Dirty Sexy Money," pose together at the DVD premiere of the first season of the show in Los Angeles, Monday, Sept. 8, 2008. (AP Photo/Chris Pizzello)
Donald Sutherland, right, a cast member in the television show "Dirty Sexy Money," shares a laugh with producer Matt Gross at the DVD premiere of the first season of the show in Los Angeles, Monday, Sept. 8, 2008. (AP Photo/Chris Pizzello)
Kiefer Sutherland poses with his father, actor Donald Sutherland, during dedication ceremonies for Kiefer Sutherland's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Los Angeles Tuesday, Dec. 9, 2008. (AP Photo/Reed Saxon)
In this Saturday, Nov. 7, 2009 photo, hairdressers fix the hair of actor Donald Sutherland, centre, during the filming of Ken Follett's "The Pillars of the Earth" in Astra Studios, in Fot, near Budapest, Hungary. "The Pillars of the Earth" is an eight-hour adaptation of the bestseller about the construction of an English cathedral in the 12th century. The series is being shot in Hungary and Austria and is due to be broadcast in 2010. (AP Photo/Bela Szandelszky)
In this Saturday, Nov. 7, 2009 photo, US actor Donald Sutherland, seen, during the filming of Ken Follett's "The Pillars of the Earth" in Astra Studios, in Fot, near Budapest, Hungary. "The Pillars of the Earth" is an eight-hour adaptation of the bestseller about the construction of an English cathedral in the 12th century. The series is being shot in Hungary and Austria and is due to be broadcast in 2010. (AP Photo/Bela Szandelszky)
Actor Donald Sutherland watches Olympic women's curling action at the Olympic Centre on Thursday, Feb. 25, 2010 during the 2010 Vancouver Olympic Winter Games in Vancouver. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Nathan Denette
Actors Donald Sutherland, left, Marc Lavoine and Tom Wlaschita, right, of TV series "Crossing Lines" pose for photographers during the 2013 Monte Carlo Television Festival, Monday June 10, 2013, in Monaco. (AP Photo/Lionel Cironneau)
Rossif Sutherland, centre, poses for photographers on the red carpet alongside partner, Celina Sinden, left, and father Donald Sutherland at the gala for the film 'Hyena Road' at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival on Monday, Sept. 14, 2015. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Frank Gunn
Father and son Donald, left, and Kiefer Sutherland pose on the red carpet for the film "Forsaken" during the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival in Toronto on Wednesday, September 16, 2015. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Darren Calabrese
ºÚÁϳԹÏÍø actor Donald Sutherland signs autographs before the world premiere of the movie "The Hunger Games: Mockingjay - Part 2" in Berlin, Germany, Wednesday, Nov. 4, 2015. (AP Photo/Gero Breloer)
ºÚÁϳԹÏÍø actor Donald Sutherland gestures as he signs autographs before the world premiere of the movie "The Hunger Games: Mockingjay - Part 2" in Berlin, Germany, Wednesday, Nov. 4, 2015. (AP Photo/Gero Breloer)
In this Tuesday, Feb. 16, 2016 photo, Donald Sutherland, left, 80, and Kiefer Sutherland, 49, from the film "Forsaken," pose for a portrait in Los Angeles. Kiefer Sutherland is perhaps his father's biggest fan.In a chat about Donald Sutherland's career, Kiefer gushes about his dad's long list of film credits, calling him an "unbelievably diverse actor" he's always wanted to work with. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Photo by Matt Sayles/Invision/AP
Jury member Donald Sutherland poses for photographers upon arrival at the 69th international film festival, Cannes, southern France, Tuesday, May 10, 2016. (AP Photo/Joel Ryan)
Jury member Donald Sutherland talks on arrival for the screening of the film Cafe Society and the Opening Ceremony at the 69th international film festival, Cannes, southern France, Wednesday, May 11, 2016. (AP Photo/Thibault Camus)
Jury members Vanessa Paradis, from left, Donald Sutherland and Kirsten Dunst attend the Opening Ceremony at the 69th international film festival, Cannes, southern France, Wednesday, May 11, 2016. (AP Photo/Thibault Camus)
Director Xavier Dolan, right is presented with the Grand Prix award for the film It's only the end of the world by Jury member Donald Sutherland, during the awards ceremony at the 69th international film festival, Cannes, southern France, Sunday, May 22, 2016. (AP Photo/Thibault Camus)
Actors Donald Sutherland, left, and Helen Mirren pose during a photo call for the film "The Leisure Seeker" at the 74th Venice Film Festival in Venice, Italy, Sunday, Sept. 3, 2017. (AP Photo/Domenico Stinellis)
Actor Donald Sutherland poses during a photo call for the film "The Leisure Seeker" at the 74th Venice Film Festival in Venice, Italy, Sunday, Sept. 3, 2017. (AP Photo/Domenico Stinellis)
Actor Donald Sutherland meets fan upon arrival at the premiere of the film 'The Leisure Seeker' during the 74th edition of the Venice Film Festival in Venice, Italy, Sunday, Sept. 3, 2017. (AP Photo/Domenico Stinellis)
Actors Helen Mirren and Donald Sutherland arrive before the screening of "The Leisure Seeker" at the Toronto International Film Festival in Toronto on Saturday, September 9, 2017. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Christopher Katsarov.
Actor Donald Sutherland arrives before the screening of "The Leisure Seeker" at the Toronto International Film Festival, in Toronto on Saturday, September 9, 2017. Sutherland hit the TIFF red carpet still beaming from news of his Oscar honour, joking about how he'll prepare for his first Academy Awards bash. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Christopher Katsarov
US actor Donald Sutherland poses for photographers as he arrives at the opening ceremony of the 11th Lumiere Festival, in Lyon, central France, Saturday, Oct. 12, 2019. (AP Photo/Laurent Cipriani)
US actor Donald Sutherland arrives at the opening ceremony of the 11th Lumiere Festival, in Lyon, central France, Saturday, Oct. 12, 2019. (AP Photo/Laurent Cipriani)
US actor Donald Sutherland attends the opening ceremony of the 11th Lumiere Festival, in Lyon, central France, Saturday, Oct. 12, 2019. (AP Photo/Laurent Cipriani)
Donald Sutherland is invested as a Companion of the Order of Canada by Governor General Julie Payette during a ceremony at Rideau Hall in Ottawa on Thursday, November 21, 2019. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Chris Wattie
Actor Donald Sutherland reacts after being invested as a Companion of the Order of Canada during a ceremony at Rideau Hall in Ottawa on Thursday, November 21, 2019. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Chris Wattie
ºÚÁϳԹÏÍø acting legend Donald Sutherland 1935-2024
Kiefer Sutherland holds the awards, right, along with his father Donald Sutherland at the Governor's Ball following the 58th Annual Primetime Emmy Awards Sunday, Aug. 27, 2006, at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Chris Carlson)
CHRIS CARLSON
Donald Sutherland arrives for the premiere of "Fool's Gold" at the Grauman's Chinese theatre in the Hollywood section of Los Angeles, Calif., Wednesday, Jan. 30, 2008. (AP Photo/Chris Carlson)
Chris Carlson
Kiefer Sutherland, left, and his father actor Donald Sutherland embrace during dedication ceremonies for Kiefer Sutherland's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Los Angeles Tuesday, Dec. 9, 2008. (AP Photo/Reed Saxon)
Reed Saxon
Stompin' Tom Connors (left) and actor Donald Sutherland both of Saint John, N.B., share a laugh following the Governor General's Performing Arts Award ceremony at Rideau Hall in Ottawa, Friday, Nov. 3, 2000. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Jonathan Hayward
JONATHAN HAYWARD
Neil Young waves as he poses with Donald Sutherland behind their stars in the sidewalk after being inducted into the ºÚÁϳԹÏÍø Walk of Fame in Toronto on Thursday March 30, 2000. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Frank Gunn
FRANK GUNN
Architect Frank Gehry (left) speaks with Donald Sutherland (right) and his wife Francine Racette during an investiture ceremony at Rideau Hall in Ottawa Monday, June 16, 2003. Gehry received the Order of Canada. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Jonathan Hayward
JONATHAN HAYWARD
Actress Lara Flynn Boyle, center, joined by actors Ralph Fiennes, left, and Donald Sutherland, arrives to the special screening of Land of the Blind at the Tribeca Film Festival, Monday, May 1, 2006 in New York. (AP Photo/Dima Gavrysh)
DIMA GAVRYSH
William Baldwin, left, and Donald Sutherland, cast members in the television show "Dirty Sexy Money," pose together at the DVD premiere of the first season of the show in Los Angeles, Monday, Sept. 8, 2008. (AP Photo/Chris Pizzello)
Chris Pizzello
Donald Sutherland, right, a cast member in the television show "Dirty Sexy Money," shares a laugh with producer Matt Gross at the DVD premiere of the first season of the show in Los Angeles, Monday, Sept. 8, 2008. (AP Photo/Chris Pizzello)
Chris Pizzello
Kiefer Sutherland poses with his father, actor Donald Sutherland, during dedication ceremonies for Kiefer Sutherland's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Los Angeles Tuesday, Dec. 9, 2008. (AP Photo/Reed Saxon)
Reed Saxon
In this Saturday, Nov. 7, 2009 photo, hairdressers fix the hair of actor Donald Sutherland, centre, during the filming of Ken Follett's "The Pillars of the Earth" in Astra Studios, in Fot, near Budapest, Hungary. "The Pillars of the Earth" is an eight-hour adaptation of the bestseller about the construction of an English cathedral in the 12th century. The series is being shot in Hungary and Austria and is due to be broadcast in 2010. (AP Photo/Bela Szandelszky)
Bela Szandelszky
In this Saturday, Nov. 7, 2009 photo, US actor Donald Sutherland, seen, during the filming of Ken Follett's "The Pillars of the Earth" in Astra Studios, in Fot, near Budapest, Hungary. "The Pillars of the Earth" is an eight-hour adaptation of the bestseller about the construction of an English cathedral in the 12th century. The series is being shot in Hungary and Austria and is due to be broadcast in 2010. (AP Photo/Bela Szandelszky)
Bela Szandelszky
Actor Donald Sutherland watches Olympic women's curling action at the Olympic Centre on Thursday, Feb. 25, 2010 during the 2010 Vancouver Olympic Winter Games in Vancouver. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Nathan Denette
Nathan Denette
Donald Sutherland arrives at the world premiere of "The Hunger Games" on Monday March 12, 2012 in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Matt Sayles)
Matt Sayles
Donald Sutherland arrives at the world premiere of "The Hunger Games" on Monday March 12, 2012 in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Matt Sayles)
Matt Sayles
Actors Donald Sutherland, left, Marc Lavoine and Tom Wlaschita, right, of TV series "Crossing Lines" pose for photographers during the 2013 Monte Carlo Television Festival, Monday June 10, 2013, in Monaco. (AP Photo/Lionel Cironneau)
Lionel Cironneau
Rossif Sutherland, centre, poses for photographers on the red carpet alongside partner, Celina Sinden, left, and father Donald Sutherland at the gala for the film 'Hyena Road' at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival on Monday, Sept. 14, 2015. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Frank Gunn
Frank Gunn
Father and son Donald, left, and Kiefer Sutherland pose on the red carpet for the film "Forsaken" during the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival in Toronto on Wednesday, September 16, 2015. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Darren Calabrese
Darren Calabrese
ºÚÁϳԹÏÍø actor Donald Sutherland signs autographs before the world premiere of the movie "The Hunger Games: Mockingjay - Part 2" in Berlin, Germany, Wednesday, Nov. 4, 2015. (AP Photo/Gero Breloer)
Gero Breloer
ºÚÁϳԹÏÍø actor Donald Sutherland gestures as he signs autographs before the world premiere of the movie "The Hunger Games: Mockingjay - Part 2" in Berlin, Germany, Wednesday, Nov. 4, 2015. (AP Photo/Gero Breloer)
Gero Breloer
In this Tuesday, Feb. 16, 2016 photo, Donald Sutherland, left, 80, and Kiefer Sutherland, 49, from the film "Forsaken," pose for a portrait in Los Angeles. Kiefer Sutherland is perhaps his father's biggest fan.In a chat about Donald Sutherland's career, Kiefer gushes about his dad's long list of film credits, calling him an "unbelievably diverse actor" he's always wanted to work with. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Photo by Matt Sayles/Invision/AP
Matt Sayles
Jury member Donald Sutherland poses for photographers upon arrival at the 69th international film festival, Cannes, southern France, Tuesday, May 10, 2016. (AP Photo/Joel Ryan)
Joel Ryan
Jury member Donald Sutherland talks on arrival for the screening of the film Cafe Society and the Opening Ceremony at the 69th international film festival, Cannes, southern France, Wednesday, May 11, 2016. (AP Photo/Thibault Camus)
Thibault Camus
Jury members Vanessa Paradis, from left, Donald Sutherland and Kirsten Dunst attend the Opening Ceremony at the 69th international film festival, Cannes, southern France, Wednesday, May 11, 2016. (AP Photo/Thibault Camus)
Thibault Camus
Director Xavier Dolan, right is presented with the Grand Prix award for the film It's only the end of the world by Jury member Donald Sutherland, during the awards ceremony at the 69th international film festival, Cannes, southern France, Sunday, May 22, 2016. (AP Photo/Thibault Camus)
Thibault Camus
Actors Donald Sutherland, left, and Helen Mirren pose during a photo call for the film "The Leisure Seeker" at the 74th Venice Film Festival in Venice, Italy, Sunday, Sept. 3, 2017. (AP Photo/Domenico Stinellis)
Domenico Stinellis
Actor Donald Sutherland poses during a photo call for the film "The Leisure Seeker" at the 74th Venice Film Festival in Venice, Italy, Sunday, Sept. 3, 2017. (AP Photo/Domenico Stinellis)
Domenico Stinellis
Actor Donald Sutherland meets fan upon arrival at the premiere of the film 'The Leisure Seeker' during the 74th edition of the Venice Film Festival in Venice, Italy, Sunday, Sept. 3, 2017. (AP Photo/Domenico Stinellis)
Domenico Stinellis
Actors Helen Mirren and Donald Sutherland arrive before the screening of "The Leisure Seeker" at the Toronto International Film Festival in Toronto on Saturday, September 9, 2017. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Christopher Katsarov.
Christopher Katsarov
Actor Donald Sutherland arrives before the screening of "The Leisure Seeker" at the Toronto International Film Festival, in Toronto on Saturday, September 9, 2017. Sutherland hit the TIFF red carpet still beaming from news of his Oscar honour, joking about how he'll prepare for his first Academy Awards bash. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Christopher Katsarov
Christopher Katsarov
US actor Donald Sutherland poses for photographers as he arrives at the opening ceremony of the 11th Lumiere Festival, in Lyon, central France, Saturday, Oct. 12, 2019. (AP Photo/Laurent Cipriani)
Laurent Cipriani
US actor Donald Sutherland arrives at the opening ceremony of the 11th Lumiere Festival, in Lyon, central France, Saturday, Oct. 12, 2019. (AP Photo/Laurent Cipriani)
Laurent Cipriani
US actor Donald Sutherland attends the opening ceremony of the 11th Lumiere Festival, in Lyon, central France, Saturday, Oct. 12, 2019. (AP Photo/Laurent Cipriani)
Laurent Cipriani
Donald Sutherland is invested as a Companion of the Order of Canada by Governor General Julie Payette during a ceremony at Rideau Hall in Ottawa on Thursday, November 21, 2019. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Chris Wattie
Chris Wattie
Actor Donald Sutherland reacts after being invested as a Companion of the Order of Canada during a ceremony at Rideau Hall in Ottawa on Thursday, November 21, 2019. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Chris Wattie
Chris Wattie
But in 2023, he told ºÚÁϳԹÏÍø he didn't reflect much on his legacy or the breadth of his career: "You know, it's over or very nearly over, so I guess I really got to get down to thinking about it."
His memoir, "Made Up, But Still True" is slated for publication by Viking Canada in November.
Prime Minister Justin Trudeau was among those to mourn Sutherland, telling a news conference in Westville, N.S., that he met the actor when he was young and was "deeply, deeply starstruck."
"He was a man with a strong presence, a brilliance in his craft and truly a great ºÚÁϳԹÏÍø artist. He will be deeply missed," Trudeau said.
As Sutherland worked around the world, he maintained a home in Quebec's Eastern Townships, where he hosted dinner parties for his famous family and celebrity friends.
"I love this country," Sutherland said when he received the Governor General's Award in 2000.
"You know, (W.H.) Auden, the English poet, said that a poet's hope is to be like some valley cheese: local, but prized elsewhere. I kind of feel like that."
Sutherland was born in Saint John and raised in Bridgewater, N.S. His father, Frederick Sutherland, was a salesman and his mother, Dorothy Isobel, a mathematics teacher. Various reports say Sutherland battled polio, rheumatic fever and hepatitis as a child.
At age 14, Sutherland landed a part-time job as a DJ and news broadcaster for local radio station CKBW. It was the start of a successful side career in multimedia voiceover work — something son Kiefer also pursued.
Sutherland studied drama, engineering and English at the University of Toronto, where he played to audiences at the Hart House Theatre and met his first wife of seven years, Lois Hardwick. His memories of toga parties at U of T's Gate House residence were said to be the inspiration for the 1978 film "Animal House," in which he co-starred.
Author Margaret Atwood wrote on social media that she remembered Sutherland from their time at Victoria College at the University of Toronto.
"He was a great actor even then," she wrote on X.
After getting his degree in 1958, Sutherland attended the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art in England and went on to act with the Perth Repertory Theatre in Scotland and on London's West End.
Though he left Canada, he stayed in touch with his loved ones back home, he told ºÚÁϳԹÏÍø in a 2023 interview when Canada Post released a stamp bearing his face.
"The only thing that connects you — at that time, in the late '40s, early '50s — was a letter in the post. They became the thread in the fabric that bounded my family together," he said.
In the early 1960s, Sutherland transitioned from stage to features, including the thrillers "Castle of the Living Dead," "Dr. Terror's House of Horrors" and "Die! Die! My Darling!" He also landed small roles on TV series including "Court Martial," "The Saint" and "The Avengers."
In 1966, Sutherland married his second wife, ºÚÁϳԹÏÍø actress and activist Shirley Douglas, daughter of medicare founder Tommy Douglas. That same year they had twins Rachel and Kiefer, who has become a star in his own right with films including "The Lost Boys" and the TV series "24."
When Sutherland saw that his son wanted to follow in his footsteps, he gave him one important piece of advice: "I don't care what you do with your life," Kiefer Sutherland, quoting his dad, said in a 1998 interview with ºÚÁϳԹÏÍø.
"Just don't lie in your work, because they'll catch you."
Donald Sutherland's breakthrough in the United States came in 1967 with the film "The Dirty Dozen," in which he played an imprisoned soldier during the Second World War. Co-stars included Lee Marvin and Charles Bronson.
Three years later, he further solidified his star status in Hollywood with two more war films: Robert Altman's Oscar-winning Korean War satire "MASH," and "Kelly's Heroes," alongside Clint Eastwood and Telly Savalas.
The '70s were a particularly active time for Sutherland with varied roles in two-dozen other projects, including "Klute," "Fellini's Casanova," "Animal House," "Invasion of the Body Snatchers," "Don't Look Now" and "Steelyard Blues." The latter two films earned him nominations for a best-actor BAFTA.
Sutherland's private life also made headlines during that decade.
First came his highly publicized relationship with his "Klute" co-star, Jane Fonda, with whom he also helped form an antiwar road show called the FTA tour (Free The Army). Later, Sutherland married French-ºÚÁϳԹÏÍø actress Francine Racette, with whom he had three sons: Roeg, Angus and Rossif, star of "Poor Boy's Game" and "High Life."
In the '80s, Sutherland continued to build his resume at a feverish pace, with turns in nearly 20 films including Robert Redford's "Ordinary People," for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe, and "Threshold," which earned him a Genie.
Sutherland eventually won two Golden Globes: in 1996 for his supporting role in "Citizen X," for which he also earned an Emmy, then in 2003 for the HBO film "Path to War." That same year he played a minister in "Cold Mountain."
He also got to work with his actor-sons, sharing the screen with Kiefer in the films "Max Dugan Returns" and "A Time to Kill," and with Rossif in "The Steal Artist."
Rossif Sutherland said working with his dad was "a dream."
"He's been the reason for which I've started a road in this career and he likes to call himself my first fan," he told ºÚÁϳԹÏÍø in January 2010.
"He's the one person that I've worked with that gives the impression that I can do no wrong."
This report by ºÚÁϳԹÏÍø was first published June 20, 2024.
— With files from Nicole Thompson in Toronto
Note to readers: This is a corrected story. A previous version said the Prime Minister was speaking in Wolfville, N.S.